Researchers studying the microbiology of water systems at 45 sites in seven different states across the U.S. found unusually high levels of bacteria in showerheads—almost 100 times more than any other place in the home. Although bacteria levels were high in all showerheads, some sample sites in the New York City and Denver areas had large amounts of Mycobacterium avium, a relative of the bacteria that causes tuberculosis and leprosy.

“If you’re getting a face full of water when you first turn your shower on, that means you are probably getting a particularly high load of Mycobacterium avium,” says study author Norman Pace, professor of biology at the University of Colorado.

Mycobacteria are found in soil, water, and decaying matter. Certain Mycobacteria, such as Mycobactrium avium, can cause digestive, lymphatic, and pulmonary infections. In the shower, these bacteria are delivered as aerosols. Particles are small enough to get into the lungs, and when inhaled or swallowed, can lead to a host of pulmonary problems.

The study, part of a bigger study that began as a class project, used DNA barcode testing to extract rRNA (bacterial DNA) from different parts of the shower and showerhead. Researchers sampled water flowing from the showerhead and obtained swab samples from the inside of the showerhead. Finally, samples were collected from water flowing out of the pipe after the showerhead was removed.

Homes with well water systems did not have Mycobacteria in their showerheads, a factor authors believe may be due to Mycobacteria’s chlorine resistance. Although they suggest that bathing may be safer, researchers assure that it’s not dangerous to shower.

“We did see some organisms that might be of concern if you have immune issues (such as) cystic fibrosis, AIDS, recent organ transplant, substance abuse, or are pregnant or otherwise immune compromised,” the authors wrote.

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Although there are 1.4 million people in the United States affected by lupus - many unanswered questions remain about this disease. The exact cause or causes of lupus are unknown. Lupus is often difficult to diagnose and is sometimes mistaken for other diseases because there is no consistent set of symptoms for the disease. There is also limited knowledge about the triggers of lupus.

Lupus is an autoimmune disease where the immune system inappropriately attacks the body’s healthy cells. Lupus can involve the heart, blood vessels, brain, joints, kidneys, lungs, and skin. 

• skin rash
• swollen or painful joints
• weight loss
• muscle pain
• headaches
• fever
• depression
• hair loss
• blood clots
• fatigue
• seizures

There is no cure for lupus, but various treatments are available depending on the type of lupus. Treatments can help reduce symptoms and pain, and prevent serious complications. Treatments include aspirin and other anti-inflammatory drugs, NSAIDs, change in diet, anti-malarial drugs, skin and sun protection, corticosteroids, and immunosuppressants.

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